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Effect of Aromatic Herbs and Spices Present in the Mediterranean Diet on the Glycemic Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Garza, MC, Pérez-Calahorra, S, Rodrigo-Carbó, C, Sánchez-Calavera, MA, Jarauta, E, Mateo-Gallego, R, Gracia-Rubio, I, Lamiquiz-Moneo, I
Nutrients. 2024;(6)
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is the dietary pattern par excellence for managing and preventing metabolic diseases, such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). The MedDiet incorporates spices and aromatic herbs, which are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of all aromatic herbs and spices included in the MedDiet, such as black cumin, clove, parsley, saffron, thyme, ginger, black pepper, rosemary, turmeric, basil, oregano, and cinnamon, on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for interventional studies investigating the effect of these aromatic herbs and spices on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. RESULTS This systematic review retrieved 6958 studies, of which 77 were included in the qualitative synthesis and 45 were included in the meta-analysis. Our results showed that cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, black cumin, and saffron significantly improved the fasting glucose levels in T2DM subjects. The most significant decreases in fasting glucose were achieved after supplementation with black cumin, followed by cinnamon and ginger, which achieved a decrease of between 27 and 17 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS Only ginger and black cumin reported a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin, and only cinnamon and ginger showed a significant decrease in insulin.
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Sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors for identifying vulnerable groups for type 2 diabetes: a narrative review with emphasis on data from Europe.
Kyrou, I, Tsigos, C, Mavrogianni, C, Cardon, G, Van Stappen, V, Latomme, J, Kivelä, J, Wikström, K, Tsochev, K, Nanasi, A, et al
BMC endocrine disorders. 2020;20(Suppl 1):134
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from progressive loss of insulin secretion, which is typically combined with various degrees of insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of key sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors for identifying vulnerable groups for T2DM with emphasis on data from Europe. This study is a narrative review which includes 101 publications. Literature shows that prevention of T2DM should be a collaborative effort which mobilizes multiple partners/ stakeholders at a national and international (e.g. European) level. In addition, a holistic approach is becoming increasingly essential in order to put into effect multidimensional public health programs and integrated interventions for effective T2DM prevention which will take into account both traditional and socioeconomic/socioecological factors. Authors conclude that a multidimensional approach for the prevention of T2DM may have a broader impact against the current diabesity epidemic within and across countries in Europe.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) comprises the vast majority of all diabetes cases in adults, with alarmingly increasing prevalence over the past few decades worldwide. A particularly heavy healthcare burden of diabetes is noted in Europe, where 8.8% of the population aged 20-79 years is estimated to have diabetes according to the International Diabetes Federation. Multiple risk factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM with complex underlying interplay and intricate gene-environment interactions. Thus, intense research has been focused on studying the role of T2DM risk factors and on identifying vulnerable groups for T2DM in the general population which can then be targeted for prevention interventions. METHODS For this narrative review, we conducted a comprehensive search of the existing literature on T2DM risk factors, focusing on studies in adult cohorts from European countries which were published in English after January 2000. RESULTS Multiple lifestyle-related and sociodemographic factors were identified as related to high T2DM risk, including age, ethnicity, family history, low socioeconomic status, obesity, metabolic syndrome and each of its components, as well as certain unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. As Europe has an increasingly aging population, multiple migrant and ethnic minority groups and significant socioeconomic diversity both within and across different countries, this review focuses not only on modifiable T2DM risk factors, but also on the impact of pertinent demographic and socioeconomic factors. CONCLUSION In addition to other T2DM risk factors, low socioeconomic status can significantly increase the risk for prediabetes and T2DM, but is often overlooked. In multinational and multicultural regions such as Europe, a holistic approach, which will take into account both traditional and socioeconomic/socioecological factors, is becoming increasingly crucial in order to implement multidimensional public health programs and integrated community-based interventions for effective T2DM prevention.
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Lipidemic Profile Changes over a Two-Year Intervention Period: Who Benefited Most from the Feel4Diabetes Program?
Karatzi, K, Moschonis, G, Botsi, E, Liatis, S, Tsochev, K, De Miguel-Etayo, P, Kivelä, J, Wikström, K, Dimova, R, Antal, E, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
Identification of participants' characteristics who benefited most from large community-based intervention studies may guide future prevention initiatives in order to maximize their effectiveness. The current study aimed to examine the socio-demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral characteristics, as well as the health and eating perceptions of those who improved their lipidemic profile, in the Feel4Diabetes early screening and prevention program. In the present analyses, 1773 adults from families at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled, receiving either the standard care or the more intensive intervention, and 33.3-55.2% of them improved one or more of their lipidemic indices by >5%. Women, people living in Southeastern Europe, coming from two-parent families, having higher financial security, educational level and better diet quality were associated with a 27-64% higher likelihood for benefiting from the program regarding one or more of their lipidemic profile indices. Participants who were overweight or obese (especially with central obesity), employed, with prolonged sedentary behavior, prone to emotional eating and perceiving their weight status as lower than their actual weight were 24-43% less likely to have benefited. These findings should guide future interventions, prioritizing regions in greater need, and being tailor-made to specific population characteristics in order to further improve their effectiveness.
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Glycerol kinase deficiency in adults: Description of 4 novel cases, systematic review and development of a clinical diagnostic score.
Lamiquiz-Moneo, I, Mateo-Gallego, R, Fernández-Pardo, J, López-Ariño, C, Marco-Benedí, V, Bea, AM, Ferraro, L, Jarauta, E, Cenarro, A, Civeira, F
Atherosclerosis. 2020;:24-32
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hyperglycerolemia and glyceroluria, which could be misdiagnosed as a moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). We aimed to describe four novel cases of GKD, to complete a systematic review of all cases of isolated GKD published so far, and to develop a suspicion clinical diagnostic score for GKD. METHODS We reported four cases with suspicion of GKD and compared their phenotype with 584 males with triglycerides (TG) > 300 mg/dL, selected as control group (HTG non-GKD). The GK gene was sequenced in all cases. Lipoprotein particle concentrations were measured in all cases with GKD. The systematic review involved a PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases search to identify anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of all described cases with GKD. RESULTS The systematic review retrieved a total of 15 articles involving 39 subjects with GKD. GKD cases reported a history of high TG levels resistant to lipid-lowering therapy. Compared to GKD subjects (n = 43), HTG non-GKD subjects (n = 584) showed significantly higher BMI, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and gamma-glutamyltransferase, significantly lower HDL cholesterol and TG, and higher prevalence of diabetes. The proposed diagnostic score was significantly higher in GKD than in HTG non-GKD subjects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic review that compiles all GKD cases reported to date including 4 novel cases, and examine the differential GKD phenotype compared to other types of HTG. The proposed score would have a broad utility in clinical practice to avoid unwarranted lipid lowering treatment in GKD patients.
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Genetics of Hypercholesterolemia: Comparison Between Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Hypercholesterolemia Nonrelated to LDL Receptor.
Jarauta, E, Bea-Sanz, AM, Marco-Benedi, V, Lamiquiz-Moneo, I
Frontiers in genetics. 2020;:554931
Abstract
Severe hypercholesterolemia (HC) is defined as an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) due to the increase in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) >95th percentile or 190 mg/dl. The high values of LDL-C, especially when it is maintained over time, is considered a risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), mostly expressed as ischemic heart disease (IHD). One of the best characterized forms of severe HC, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), is caused by the presence of a major variant in one gene (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, or ApoE), with an autosomal codominant pattern of inheritance, causing an extreme elevation of LDL-C and early IHD. Nevertheless, an important proportion of serious HC cases, denominated polygenic hypercholesterolemia (PH), may be attributed to the small additive effect of a number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), located along the whole genome. The diagnosis, prevalence, and cardiovascular risk associated with PH has not been fully established at the moment. Cascade screening to detect a specific genetic defect is advised in all first- and second-degree relatives of subjects with FH. Conversely, in the rest of cases of HC, it is only advised to screen high values of LDL-C in first-degree relatives since there is not a consensus for the genetic diagnosis of PH. FH is associated with the highest cardiovascular risk, followed by PH and other forms of HC. Early detection and initiation of high-intensity lipid-lowering treatment is proposed in all subjects with severe HC for the primary prevention of ASCVD, with an objective of LDL-C <100 mg/dl or a decrease of at least 50%. A more aggressive reduction in LDL-C is necessary in HC subjects who associate personal history of ASCVD or other cardiovascular risk factors.
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Effect of an alcohol-free beer enriched with isomaltulose and a resistant dextrin on insulin resistance in diabetic patients with overweight or obesity.
Mateo-Gallego, R, Pérez-Calahorra, S, Lamiquiz-Moneo, I, Marco-Benedí, V, Bea, AM, Fumanal, AJ, Prieto-Martín, A, Laclaustra, M, Cenarro, A, Civeira, F
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2020;(2):475-483
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The quality of carbohydrates has an essential role in nutritional management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because of its substantial impact on glucose homeostasis. Alcohol-free beer has beneficial bioactive components but it has a relatively high glycemic-index so its consumption is restricted in diabetic subjects. We aimed to explore the effect of an alcohol-free beer with modified carbohydrate composition almost completely eliminating maltose and adding isomaltulose (16.5 g/day) and a resistant maltodextrin (5.28 g/day) in comparison to a regular alcohol-free beer on glycemic control of diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity. DESIGN We randomized 41 subjects into two groups: a) consumption of 66 cL/day of; regular alcohol-free beer for the first 10 weeks and 66 cL/day of alcohol-free beer with modified carbohydrate composition for the next 10 weeks; b) the same described intervention in opposite order. There was a washout period for 6-8 weeks between the two interventions. Participants were counseled to adhere to a healthy diet for cardiovascular health and to increase physical activity. Clinical, biochemical, anthropometric, lifestyle and satiety assessments were performed at the beginning and at the end of each period. RESULTS Subjects showed significantly weight loss after the two ten weeks periods (-1.69 ± 3.21% and -1.77 ± 3.70% after experimental and regular alcohol-free beers, respectively, P = 0.881). Glucose and glycated hemoglobin did not significantly change after any period. Insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR significantly decreased (-11.1 [-21.3-4.64]% and -1.92 ± 32.8% respectively) after the intake of experimental alcohol-free beer but not after regular alcohol-free beer. Reductions remained statistically significant after adjusting for weight loss, energy intake, physical activity and intervention order. Subjects reported higher satiety scores after consuming experimental alcohol-free beer. CONCLUSIONS An alcohol-free beer including the substitution of regular carbohydrates for low doses of isomaltulose and the addition of a resistant maltodextrin within meals led to an improvement in insulin resistance in subjects with T2DM and overweight or obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03337828).
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Effect of lipid-lowering treatment in cardiovascular disease prevalence in familial hypercholesterolemia.
Perez-Calahorra, S, Laclaustra, M, Marco-Benedí, V, Lamiquiz-Moneo, I, Pedro-Botet, J, Plana, N, Sanchez-Hernandez, RM, Amor, AJ, Almagro, F, Fuentes, F, et al
Atherosclerosis. 2019;:245-252
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The impact on heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) health led by high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy (HILLT) is unknown, and the question remains if there is still an unacceptably high residual risk to justify treatment with new lipid-lowering drugs. METHODS This observational, retrospective, multicenter, national study in Spain, whose information was obtained from a national dyslipemia registry, was designed to establish the current prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HeFH and to define the impact of HILLT on CVD in this population. Odds were estimated using several logistic regression models with progressive adjustment. RESULTS 1958 HeFH, mean age 49.3 ± 14.3 years, were included in the analysis. At inclusion in the registry, 295 patients (15.1%) had suffered CVD and 164 (55.6%) had suffered the first event before the onset lipid-lowering treatment. Exposition to treatment associated more than ten times lower odds for CVD than in subjects naïve to treatment (OR 0.085, 95% CI 0.063-0.114, p < 0.001). A first CVD event after a mean treatment period of 9.1 ± 7.2 years occurred in 131 out of 1615 (8.1%) HeFH subjects, and 115 (87.8%) of them were on HILLT. CONCLUSIONS Current prevalence of CVD among HeFH is one third of that reported before the statins era. Early initiation and prolonged lipid-lowering treatment was associated with a reduction in CVD. New cases of CVD, in spite of HILLT, appeared mostly among patients accumulating risk factors and probably they may be considered for further lipid-lowering drugs.
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Efficacy of repeated phlebotomies in hypertriglyceridemia and iron overload: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
Mateo-Gallego, R, Lacalle, L, Pérez-Calahorra, S, Marco-Benedí, V, Recasens, V, Padrón, N, Lamiquiz-Moneo, I, Baila-Rueda, L, Jarauta, E, Calmarza, P, et al
Journal of clinical lipidology. 2018;(5):1190-1198
Abstract
BACKGROUND High ferritin concentration is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, although it is not elucidated if iron overload has a causal role. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of repeated phlebotomies in patients with iron overload and hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS Twelve weeks, 1:1 randomized, parallel-groups trial conducted at a University Hospital Lipid Clinic, including 86 subjects aged 18-70 years with serum ferritin >300 ng/mL in men or >200 ng/mL in women and triglycerides >200 mg/dL. Participants underwent: (1) three phlebotomies (every 3 weeks) and lipid-lowering dietary counseling or (2) lipid-lowering dietary counseling. The main outcome measured was the mean difference in percent change in triglyceride concentration between groups after the intervention. The mean differences in percent change of other clinical and biochemical variables (including cytokines and proinflammatory markers) after the intervention were also evaluated. RESULTS Subjects who received phlebotomies showed a significant improvement in iron metabolism. The mean percent change in triglycerides between groups was -4.68 [-20.8, 11.4]%, P = .721. Retinol-binding protein 4 decreased by 9.98 ± 21.7% after phlebotomies, with a mean percent change between groups of -14.2 [-25.8, -2.73]%, P = .017, and correlated to gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase change. Subjects with a large reduction in hepcidin showed a large improvement in liver enzymes and proinflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS A lipid-lowering diet plus a substantial reduction in iron deposits with repeated phlebotomies in subjects with hyperferritinemia and hypertriglyceridemia did not reduce triglyceride concentration in comparison with a lipid-lowering diet. Iron depletion for lipid management in these patients is not supported.
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Effect of different fat-enriched meats on non-cholesterol sterols and oxysterols as markers of cholesterol metabolism: Results of a randomized and cross-over clinical trial.
Baila-Rueda, L, Mateo-Gallego, R, Pérez-Calahorra, S, Lamiquiz-Moneo, I, de Castro-Orós, I, Cenarro, A, Civeira, F
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2015;(9):853-859
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Different kinds of fatty acids can affect the synthesis, absorption, and elimination of cholesterol. This study was carried out to assess the associations of cholesterol metabolism with the intake of two meats with different fatty acid composition in healthy volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS The study group was composed of 20 subjects (12 males and eight females; age, 34.4 ± 11.6 years; body mass index (BMI), 23.5 ± 2.3 kg/m(2); low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, 2.97 ± 0.55 mmol/l; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, 1.61 ± 0.31 mmol/l; triglycerides (TG), 1.06 ± 0.41 mmol/l) who completed a 30-day randomized and cross-over study to compare the cholesterol metabolism effect of 250 g of low-fat lamb versus 250 g of high-fat lamb per day in their usual diet. Cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and elimination were estimated from the serum non-cholesterol sterol and oxysterol concentrations analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). No changes in weight, plasma lipids, or physical activity were observed across the study. Cholesterol intestinal absorption was decreased with both diets. Cholesterol synthesis and elimination decreased during the low-fat lamb dietary intervention (ρ = 0.048 and ρ = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION Acute changes in the diet fat content modify the synthesis, absorption, and biliary elimination of cholesterol. These changes were observed even in the absence of total and LDL cholesterol changes in plasma. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIALS ClinicalTrials.gov PRS, NCT02259153.